HEBREWS 1-3 The next few weeks I’ll be teaching from an old commentary
I wrote a few years back [2007-8]- The notes at the bottom of the chapters- and
post- are new [as well as the videos].
NEW NOTE- In the study of the bible- there are debates about who wrote
the letters of the New Testament.
In the field of higher criticism- it gets a bit silly at times.
I just finished an on line course from a respected scholar out of Yale
university.
He taught from the higher criticism perspective- I enjoyed the course-
though I did not agree with lots of his conclusions.
At one point he questioned whether Paul wrote the middle chapter of one
of the letters attributed to Paul.
Yet he did believe the first- and last chapters were by Paul.
For the most part- we believe that the letters in the bible- that say
in them ‘written by Paul’ are from Paul [or Peter, James, Etc.].
But- Hebrews leaves the authors name out- so some debate who wrote it.
Tertullian- an early church father [2/3rd century]
attributed it to Barnabus- Paul’s companion that we read about in the book of
Acts-
For about 1500 years- till the time of the Reformation- most Christian
scholars attributed it to Paul.
Hebrews is written in a high form of Greek [which is another way we
determine who wrote the letters- tough this is not always accurate.
Many say John the apostle did not write Revelation- because the form of
Greek used is much lower than the other writings of John- yet- there is
internal witness that John [the apostle] wrote it.
In John’s writings [gospel- 1st, 2nd and 3rd
John] he speaks about Jesus as the Word [Logos] and this theme is seen in Revelation
too].
So- while we don’t know for sure- I personally stick with the
authorship of Paul the apostle.
INTRODUCTION:
I have been wanting to overview this book for
a long time. I believe there are a lot of misconceptions from Hebrews. Often
time’s modern translations take older books of the Bible and want to make them
relevant for our day. This can be both good and bad.
I like the message Bible, but for in depth
study it doesn’t really work. There are certain things that must be interpreted
in context of the time and place when
the book was written. Hebrews is one of the most important New Testament books
to ‘read in context’. I wont go over every verse in this short commentary, I
will hit the high points of various chapters and try to show you what I mean by
‘reading it in context’.
I believe it is possible that this book was
Paul’s ‘open letter’ to the first century Jewish community, this is quite
possibly why it goes unsigned. The ‘Judaizers’ had so polluted the minds of
their fellow Jews against Paul ‘he speaks against Moses and our law’ type
thing, that if Paul signed this letter, there would be little chance that the
intended audience would read it!
If you read a
book on auto mechanics, and tried to make it relevant for the human body, it
wouldn’t work. For instance if you spoke on the engine of a car, and then tried
to ‘translate’ that and equate it with the human heart, you would have
problems. But if you left it in context and then applied the concept of
maintenance and the need for clean fuel lines, and then applied it to the human
need for clean arteries, well then that would be OK.
So I believe when we read Hebrews, and don’t
try to make it ‘fit’ Gentile believers, then it works. You still get great
principles from the ‘manual’, but you understand that it is not speaking
directly to the Gentile church. God bless you guys, I hope you get something
from it. John.
CHAPTER 1:
NEW NOTES AT END OF CHAPTER-
LOGOS.
SEATED.
‘God, who at sundry times and in diverse
manners spake in time past unto the fathers by the Prophets, hath in these last
days spoken unto us by his Son, whom he hath appointed heir of all things, by
whom also he made the worlds. Many years ago when I was going to a fundamental
Baptist Church, they would interpret this passage in a ‘cessationist’ way. They
would say because God says in the past he spoke by prophets, but now by his
Son. That this means he doesn’t speak thru Prophets any more. The Prophets here
are Old Testament voices. In Ephesians it says after Jesus ascended up on high
he gave gifts unto men, some Apostles, some Prophets, etc. The fact that Jesus
made Prophets after the ascension teaches us that there were to be a whole new
class of New Testament Prophets that were different from the old. I find it
strange to believe that Jesus would create a whole new class of gifts, and then
take them away as soon as the Bible is complete. Why would Paul give instruction
in the New Testament on how Prophets would operate [Corinthians] and then to
say ‘as soon as this letter is canonized with the others, all this instruction
will be useless’ it just doesn’t seem right.
The reason Paul is saying in the past God used
Prophets, but today his Son. Paul is showing that the Jewish Old testament was
a real communication from God to man. But in this dispensation of Grace, God is
speaking the realities that the Prophets were looking to. Paul is saying ‘thank
God for the Old Jewish books and law, they point to something, his name is
Jesus’! The Prophets [Old Testament] served a purpose; they brought us from the
shadows to the present time [1st century] now lets move on into the
reality. Now you must see and hear the Son in these last days. ‘Who being the
brightness of his glory and the express image of his person…when he by himself
purged our sins SAT DOWN on the right hand of the majesty on high’ here we are
at the beginning stages of themes that we will see later in the letter. The
significance of Jesus ‘sitting down’ will be contrasted with the Old testament
priests ‘standing up’. Paul [for the record I think Paul wrote this letter,
from here on I will probably just refer to the writer as Paul] will teach that
the ‘standing up’ of the Levitical Priests represented an ‘incomplete
priesthood’ the reason Jesus sat down was because there would be no more
sacrifice, and no more priesthood made up of many priests who would die year
after year. This doesn’t mean there would be no more New Testament priests as
believers, but that there would be no more Old Testament system. Paul will find
spiritual truths like this all thru out the Old Testament.
Some theologians feel that Paul is a little
too loose with these free comparisons that he seems to ‘pull out of the hat’,
for the believer who holds to the canon of scripture, it is the Word of God.
‘Being made so much better than the angels…but unto the Son he saith “thy
throne O God is forever and ever, a scepter of righteousness is the scepter of
thy Kingdom”. Here Paul introduces another theme that will be seen thru out
this letter. The superiority of Jesus over angels. Why is this important? Most
believers know that Jesus is greater than angels, don’t they? Here we see why
context is important to understand this letter. In Jewish tradition it is
believed that the law was given to Moses by God thru the mediation of angels.
Some say ‘well, we don’t use Jewish tradition, we use scripture’. First, Paul
used anything he could to win the argument. Second, if we believe Hebrews is an
inspired book, then when we read later on that the law given thru angels
received a recompense if broken, then right here you have scripture [Hebrews]
testifying that God did use angels to ‘transmit’ the law to some degree. Now,
why is it important for gentiles to see this? Well it really isn’t! But it is
vital for a first century Jew to see it. If Paul can show that Jesus is greater
than the angels, then he is beginning to make the argument that the New
Covenant is greater than the Old.
Here is the
context. Moses law is highly revered in the first century Jewish community, so
here Paul says ‘how much better is the law/word given to us from Gods Son’.
Since Jesus is much better than the angels, therefore pay closer attention to
the words spoken thru Gods Son, he is greater than the angels! ‘But to which of
the angels said he “sit at my right hand until I make thy enemies thy
footstool” we end chapter one with the theme of Jesus being better than the
angels, yet in chapter 2 something funny happens, Paul will make the argument
of Jesus being “a little lower than the angels” lets see what this means.
NEW NOTES-
4-2015
LOGOS.
We see God having
created all things thru Christ ‘the express image of his person- by whom also
he made the worlds’.
Jesus is called
the WORD of God in scripture- the Greek word- for ‘word’ is Logos.
We read in the
bible that God made all things- but also that Christ made all things-
Is this a
contradiction?
No-
For the first
3-4 centuries of Christianity- as you study the early church councils-
The early church
struggled over how to view the relationships between God and Jesus
These debates
raged- and at times each side viewed the other as Heretics.
I think it was a
mistake to be so quick to judge those as heretics- who were having difficulty
in expressing in finite words- the great mystery of God and Christ.
In Genesis we
read that God spoke all things into existence- so- here we see God’s Word-
Logos [Christ] as being the instrumental cause of creation.
In John chapter
one we read that Jesus was the Word- in the beginning- who was with God- and
was God.
I’ll try and
simplify it [not an easy task to say the least].
God- who is
Spirit- spoke- and this expression of God- his Word- is also referred to as
Christ-
Christ/Jesus is
the Word of God made flesh- and it is thru his humanity [incarnation] that we
do indeed see God in ‘the flesh’-
Yes- by Him- all
things were made.
SEATED.
We see a theme
in chapter 1- that will run thru the whole letter-
HE SAT DOWN- In
Hebrews we are seeing the superiority of the New Covenant over the old- and
there will be many comparisons to show how the Old Covenant- priests-
sacrifices- the law itself- was less than what we get in the New Covenant-
And the reality
that Jesus sat down at the right hand of God- shows us that he was the last-
and final High Priest- and the whole system of Priests under the law are now
done.
We will read
that the Old Testament priests stood [signifying that there work was ongoing-
meaning they would have to keep offering sacrifices that could never put away
sin].
But Jesus- after
he offered himself- sat down.
All thru this
letter we will see these comparisons-
LOTS OF QUOTES-
We also see a lot of quotes from the Psalms in this letter- just like we saw in
the Romans study.
There is a
debate over whether or not Paul wrote the letter- I think he did.
One of the
reasons is the author of Hebrews does the same thing as Paul in the other
letters- lots of cross references from the Old Testament books- and it just
seems to me to have the same flavor as Paul’s other letters.
Psalms 2, 104,
45, etc.
CHAPTER 2:
NEW NOTES AT BOTTOM
.HOW SHOULD WE INTERPRET
SCRIPTURE?
.PSLAMS, ISAIAH ‘REVEALED’ THRU
CHRIST
‘Therefore we ought to give the more earnest
heed to the things which we have heard, lest at anytime we should let them
slip. For if the word spoken by angels was steadfast, and every transgression
received a just recompense of reward, how shall we escape if we neglect so
great salvation that was first spoken by the Lord and was confirmed to us by
them that heard him’. Now, we see the contrast. If the word spoken ‘by angels’
[law] was so strict in judgment, then how much more will God hold responsible
those who reject the word spoken by the Son [gospel], being he is so much
better than the angels? This is the theme taught in chapter one. That’s why
chapter 2 starts with ‘therefore’ he is saying because of all this truth of the
superiority of Jesus to angels, don’t reject the word of the Son! Also now we
begin to see context. The ‘not neglecting so great salvation’ is really
speaking to Israel
[Hebrews]. It is not telling believers not to neglect salvation or they will be
lost, it is telling first century Israel if you reject/neglect this
true gospel of Jesus as Messiah, then YOU will be lost.
Many of the verses thru out this study will
begin to make a lot of sense when taken in context. We will do much more of
this in the coming chapters. ‘Thou madest him a little lower than the angels,
thou crownest him with glory’ ‘thou hast put all things under his feet’ ‘we see
Jesus who was made a little lower than the angels for the suffering of death,
crowned with glory and honor, that he by
the grace of God should taste death for every man’. Now we see the doctrine of
Jesus being made lower than the angels. Does this contradict chapter one? No!
He was first made ‘lower’ [became a man and humbled himself more than any other
man-Philippians] and for this reason God gave him the highest position at his
right hand. He was made lower so he could ‘taste death for every man’ here Paul
gets right into the central message of the gospel, that he will spend the rest
of this letter explaining. He realizes that 1st century Israel must
transition into the death and resurrection of Jesus. He doesn’t take the common
evangelical approach to Israel ,
which seems to defend and extol her on a regular basis. Paul sees her ‘lost
ness’ and makes every effort to bring her into the gospel. Jesus died for EVERY
man, Israel ,
so you too must transition into this one new man that he desires to create.
‘For as much than as the children are
partakers of flesh and blood, he also likewise took part of the same, that thru
death he might DESTROY him who had the power of death, that is the devil: and
deliver them who thru fear of death were all their lifetime subject to bondage’
did you know that Jesus already destroyed the devil? The greatest act of
deliverance and redemption that will ever take place, already took place!
Evangelicals can be notorious for looking to the 2nd coming as an
‘escape hatch’. Sometimes the 2nd coming is looked to as the event
that ‘destroys the devil’ sorry, but he has already been destroyed. Now there
definitely will be a future aspect to his final judgment, but its inevitability
is sealed by the fact of the death and resurrection of the Son of God!
These verses
also say that Jesus delivered us from him who had the power of death, that is
the devil. Jesus taught in the gospels that God had the power to take life or
spare it. Fear God. Then how can the devil have ‘the power of death’. The devil
has used death as a ‘sword of Damocles’ over the heads of people. He works thru
intimidation. How many people live their whole lives in fear of getting cancer,
or some other disease? They often go to extreme lengths to do all they can to
avoid death. This type of self survival can be obsessive. People will run back
and forth on hopes of escaping some sickness. The devil often accuses people
‘you have this sickness’ or ‘you might get it’. He had ‘power’ thru deception.
He knew man did sin, and one of the prices for sin was death. So the enemy
constantly accuses the saints. And one of his main weapons is ‘you will die
because of what you did’. Jesus dealt with this ultimate fear thru tasting
death himself and coming thru the other side. This is why Peter was so eager to
go thru death after he saw Jesus do it. Peter was such a chicken before, that
he would deny he even knew Jesus, to a girl, just to save his skin. After the
resurrection, it was all over! They were convinced that death had no more power
over them. They would die someday, but it wasn’t the final curtain.
‘Wherefore in all things it behoved him to be
made like unto his brethren, that he might be a merciful and faithful high
priest in things pertaining to God, to make reconciliation for the sins of the
people, for in that he himself hath suffered being tempted, he is able to help
them that are tempted’ One of the other reasons why Jesus took on flesh was so
he could empathize with man. Paul wrote the Corinthians and told them that the
things that they suffered were for a purpose. The purpose was that after they
went thru stuff, God would show them comfort. They then would be able to
comfort others with the same comfort that God showed them. Later in Hebrews we
also read that every priest taken from men had infirmity. Therefore he could
identify with man.
We will also read that Jesus was in all points
tempted like us. So here we see that Jesus incarnation allowed him to identify
with man and to be faithful to have compassion and understanding with mans
weakness. Often times in Christianity you will have well meaning ministers give
up on the addict. A lot of times you hear ‘well, if they were serious about God
they would do right’ or ‘if they only made a quality decision at the altar’ and
things of this nature. Often times those who have not been thru addiction
cannot really understand the life of a person who will steal from his own family,
go to prison, lose everything he has ever earned. And then get out after 10
years and do it all again! Jesus had compassion because he walked in our shoes.
He knew the terrible draw of sin and temptation, and he asks us to come to him
for help because he knows what the struggles are like.
NEW NOTES-
Psalms 8, 22.
Isaiah 8- Notice how the author freely quotes from Psalms and Isaiah- just like
we saw in the book of Romans-
Notice how the
writer applies the quotes to Jesus himself ‘I will sing praises to you in the
midst of the congregation’ ‘made a little lower than the angels’ etc.
I just finished
another course- by a Yale university scholar-
He taught from
the ‘historical criticism’ view of scripture.
This type of
reading of the bible arose out of the German universities in the late19th-
early 20th centuries.
It had some good
aspects to it- but in many ways it was an unfair criticism [taking apart] of
the biblical authors.
I mention that
to say when we see the New Testament writers interpreting these Old Testament
scriptures in this way- Those of us who believe the bible to be the inspired
Word of God.
Then we don’t
see it as a ‘miss-reading’. For instance- critics say that some of these verses
are not speaking of Christ- now- that may be true in the general sense- when
the Jews first read these verses from the Old Testament.
But we- Christians-
see it as God revealing the true fulfillment of these prophecies- in Psalms and
Isaiah.
So- the critics will
note that these verses applied in a general way- and not to Christ.
But the believer
sees it as God using the writers of the New Testament- under inspiration- as
revealing to us how the Old Testament is now being fully revealed thru Christ.
Psalm 8:4 What is man, that thou art mindful of him? and the son
of man, that thou visitest him?
Psalm 8:5 For thou hast made him a little lower than the angels,
and hast crowned him with glory and honour.
Psalm 8:6 Thou madest him to have dominion over the works of thy
hands; thou hast put all things under his feet:
Psalm
22:22 I will declare thy name unto my brethren: in the midst of the
congregation will I praise thee.
Isaiah
8:18 Behold, I and the children whom the LORD hath given me are for signs and
for wonders in Israel from the LORD of hosts, which dwelleth in mount Zion.
CHAPTER 3:
END NOTES-
PSLAMS 95.
TRUE SABBATH REST.
‘Wherefore HOLY BRETHREN, partakers of the
heavenly calling’ I want to submit to you that these terms found thru out
Hebrews are really speaking of the privileged position of the 1st
century Jew before his final rejection of Messiah as a nation. Most times we
read these verses and debate whether it is speaking of someone who is ‘saved’
or not. Later we will see this in chapter 6 ‘those who were once enlightened
and partakers of the Holy Ghost’ all these terms can apply to Israel as Gods
peculiar people and chosen nation. I feel Paul is still addressing them this
way because they are still in a transition stage in the 1st century.
There is still hope that they will receive Messiah as a nation. All these terms
are referring to Israel
as being Gods special people who came for a special purpose. Ultimately they
will not live up to this calling [yet!] because they will reject Jesus as a
nation, though there will be a remnant of Jews who will believe. So as we read
thru out Hebrews we will look at all these privileged expressions as speaking
of Israel
as Gods special nation.
This will clear
up the arguments that many believers have over portions of this letter.
‘Consider the Apostle and High Priest of our profession, Christ Jesus…and Moses
was faithful in all his house as a servant, for a testimony of those things
that would come later…but Christ as a Son over his own house WHO’S HOUSE ARE WE
if we hold fast the confidence and rejoicing of hope firm unto the end’ a main
theme from Paul is to compare Moses and Jesus. Paul will take lots of Old
testament verses and quote them in this letter. I believe more than any other
New Testament letter. He quotes them freely, not even giving the chapter and
verse, he says ‘somewhere it is said’ and then goes right into it. Sort of like
what I do on my blog! The point is Paul is seeing so many shadows of the Old
Testament fulfilled thru Christ that his mind is exploding in revelation. It is
almost like he can’t stop proving this point. Jesus is seen all thru out the
Old Testament and Paul is obsessed with showing this to the first century Jew,
his own cultural family. He says in Romans that he would be cursed himself if
he knew it would open the eyes of his nation. Paul also reveals that Israel can
become this house, if she ‘holds on to the end’. We will read stuff like this a
lot in Hebrews. This causes some to read the letter as in if Paul were writing
Christians.
Jesus taught in
John 15 that the branches would be cut off that would not bring fruit. Paul
also said that Israel ,
the natural branches, were cut off so we [gentiles] would be grafted in. These
terms of ‘holding on, staying steadfast’ can be applied to Israel in the
sense that Paul is pleading ‘you have a few thousand year history with God. God
has sent you prophets and anointed your kings with his Spirit [by the way this
is why in chapter 6 it will say those who were once enlightened by the Spirit
and were made partakers of the Holy Ghost- no other nation on earth had the
Spirit of God actively administrating their government like Israel- the
argument isn’t whether it’s talking about people who were ‘truly saved’ or
not!] you, Israel, have been walking with him for a long time, DON’T FALL AWAY
NOW!’ So in context the ‘holding on’ can describe the transition stage. Don’t
fall away after all these years of waiting for Messiah as a national hope and
promise. You will see Paul use this argument in Acts when he says ‘you guys are
accusing me of heresy, and I am just preaching the fulfillment of the promise
that our fathers have been waiting for, for over thousands of years’.
‘Wherefore, as the Holy Ghost says, today if
you will hear his voice, harden not your hearts, as in the provocation, the day
of temptation in the wilderness, when your fathers tempted me and saw my works
FORTY YEARS… so I sware in my wrath they shall not enter into my rest’ Now, a
common theme is to teach that Christians cant get the promised land because
they don’t have faith. It is taught that Israel in the wilderness are a type
of believers and to get the promise you must believe. While all this can be
true, this is not the context in Hebrews. Paul is trying to get Israel to
BELIEVE in Christ for righteousness, as opposed to her trying to work for it
[Romans 9-10].
Paul sees the
story of Israel
not entering into the Promised Land as an example of the danger of not entering
into the new covenant by failing to believe in Jesus and be justified by faith.
He will later do this in chapter 11, the great faith chapter. He will show Israel how all
of her Patriarchs received A GOOD REPORT [justified] by faith. I will explain
it when I get there. So keep in mind that Israel in the wilderness is a type
of Israel
in the first century, and Paul is trying to tell them ‘just like our fore
fathers couldn’t get into the promised land because of UNBELIEF, so too you are
in danger of stumbling over the righteousness of God which is by faith, not of
works!’ I also find it interesting that Paul includes the 40 year period of
judgment. It was around 40 years after the crucifixion of Jesus until the
destruction of the temple in AD 70.
It was a
prophetic sign, a sort of probationary period for Israel as a nation. It was like God
said ‘40 years are now up, the temple is going to be destroyed just like my Son
said, those who haven’t moved on and made the transition into the ‘new temple’
are now being judged’. Israel
hasn’t had true temple worship since! ‘Wherefore the Holy Ghost saith, today if
you will hear his voice harden not your hearts [as opposed to the voice of
Moses which is the law] as in the provocation, the day of temptation in the
wilderness: when your fathers tempted me, proved me and saw my works FORTY
years…so I sware in my wrath they shall not enter into my rest, take heed
brethren [fellow Jews] lest there be in any of you AN EVIL HEART OF UNBELIEF IN
DEPARTING FROM THE LIVING GOD’ We are going to enter a theme that speaks of
Israel not entering Gods true rest because of unbelief, not because of a lack
of works [law].
The apostle will begin to use the story of
Joshua entering into the Promised Land as a story of Jesus [which the Old
Testament translation of Joshua means Jesus] and his offering true rest [grace]
to 1st century Israel .
The fact is the only ones who entered in were the ones who believed. The
unbelievers [all the adults except for Joshua and Caleb] all died out over a 40
year period in the wilderness. Just like many of the first century Jews would
reject Messiah for 40 years until the destruction of their temple. Jesus said
we must become like little children to inherit Gods Kingdom .
The children of the older generation entered into the Promised Land, the
parents died. Why did they die Paul? Was it because they didn’t have the law or
do ‘works’? NO! They died because of unbelief. Paul is stressing that the 1st
century Jew is also in danger of ‘not entering into rest [grace] because of
unbelief’. We often read these verses applying them to Christians, which is OK.
But when you read them in context, then you see the real meaning. This will
help later when we read others passages. We wont argue over Arminian or Calvinistic
interpretations of stuff, we will see that neither one is right as it pertains
to certain portions of this letter. ‘And to whom sware he that they should not
enter into rest, but to them THAT BELIEVED NOT, SO WE SEE THAT THEY COULD NOT
ENETR IN BECAUSE OF UNBELIEF’ Do you see the significance of this argument?
Brilliant Paul is using all of these well known Old Testament stories to
convince Israel that they must believe [justification by faith] in order to
‘inherit the land’ [the promise of eternal life]. This is the whole context of
Hebrews. That’s why when modern preachers use all these verses to say you must
believe to get material things, that they are way off the mark. It is true that
faith does obtain things. And when we believe God for healing and finances and
answers to prayer that it is vital to believe. But so many modern teachers have
taught these promises as getting stuff, while in context you begin to see the
true meaning.
PSLAMS 95-
Once again we
the writer freely quoting- and ‘interpreting’ this passage from Psalms- and
showing that the sin that prevented Israel form obtaining rest- was UNBELIEF.
Why is this so
important?
If you remember
the Romans teaching I did last- Paul stresses that the righteousness of God
comes by faith- not of works ‘lest any man should boast’.
So- this letter
to the Hebrews [Jewish people] is intended to show them the superiority of the
New Covenant over the Old.
And the way you obtain
the benefits of the New Covenant [redemption] is thru faith.
The passage from
Psalms recounts the history of the Jewish people- and those who did not ‘get
in’ [Promised Land] were those who did not have faith.
We also read how
Paul teaches that the Promised Land spoken of was still a future event/place-
Paul uses Psalms
again and says ‘If Joshua gave them the rest [Canaan- book of Joshua] then God
would not have spoken of another day’.
Here Paul says
the true day ‘of rest’ also referred to as the true Sabbath day [age of grace-
not an actual day] is fulfilled in the coming of the Messiah- and just like God
‘rested the 7th day from all his works’- so we too can rest from our
works [the law] and also enter into rest- thru the ‘new Joshua’ [Jesus].
Psalm 95:7 For he is our God; and we are the people of his
pasture, and the sheep of his hand. To day if ye will hear his voice,
Psalm 95:8 Harden not your heart, as in the provocation, and as in
the day of temptation in the wilderness:
Psalm 95:9 When your fathers tempted me, proved me, and saw my
work.
Psalm 95:10 Forty years long was I grieved with this generation,
and said, It is a people that do err in their heart, and they have not known my
ways:
Psalm 95:11 Unto whom I sware in my wrath that they should not
enter into my rest.
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